Comparative Review of Likelihood Ratio (LR) and...

Introduction The first time fingerprint comparison evidence was used in court against a defendant was in 1892 in Argentina [1] For purposes of forensic identification in cases of law enforcement and other areas where human identification is needed, fingerprints have been widely acclaimed to be of an invaluable importance and has therefore seen a close to unanimous acceptance as the gold standard of forensic evidence where biometric identity is concerned. Recently however, as was rarely done in times past, the scientific foundations of fingerprint expert testimonies in court are beginning to be challenged [2]. There are some commentators who now query the scientific validity of forensic fingerprint identification. Reference has been made to†¦show more content†¦These methods hopefully can be used to introduce some quantitative statistical measures to the fingerprint evidence. Before going into comparing both proposed statistical approaches, it would seem appropriate to take a brief look at the ACE-V method of fingerprint evidence analysis in the next section, to highlight areas where these proposed methods have advantages over it. 2. A brief description of the ACE-V Method In ACE-V, ‘A’ stands for Analysis, ‘C’ stands for Comparison, ‘E’ represents Evaluation and ‘V’ is for Verification. These are the various stages involved in the examination of fingerprint evidence by experts in the field before arriving at a conclusion on a set of prints which can be in any of these three conclusions viz: Exclusion, Individuation, or Inconclusive. 2.1 The Analysis stage This stage begins when the fingerprint expert examines a latent print and first makes a decision as to whether it contains details that are sufficient quantitatively and qualitatively to exceed the ‘Value’ threshold standard. If in his estimation the print does exceed the quality and quantity Value standard, then he continues with the analysis.[1] According to [4], most of the prints recovered from crime scenes are considered of no value. 2.2 The Comparison stage. The fingerprint expert for the first time looks at the suspect’s 10 fingerprints (the exemplar

In Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen presents a number of...

In Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen presents a number of relationships in early 19th century England Pride and Prejudice essay â€Å"How does Jane Austen present the pleasures and problems of love and relationships in early 19th century England in Pride and Prejudice† In Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen presents a number of relationships in early 19th century England. One of the main relationships is between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy. Elizabeth is the daughter of Mr and Mrs Bennet who are a part of a well off country family who own Longbourn estate and Mr Darcy is a very rich landowner. Another main relationship is between Jane, Elizabeth’s sister, and the most attractive Bennet and Mr Bingley a wealthy agreeable man and Mr†¦show more content†¦Wickham and Lydia have a difficult relationship because Wickham is a con man paid to marry her by darcy so Elizabeth’s family can keep her family reputation in order where as Lydia is young and foolish that believes her in love with any man who passes the time of day with her. Mr Wickham has been after a fortune by marring a rich girl he had already tried to elope with Darcy’s sister Georgina that was stopped by Darcy. Wickham was friendly with Elizabeth until a wealthy heiress turned up .He tried to marry her but failed. He eloped with Lydia almost by mistake as her has no money and he had no intention of marrying her until Darcy pays him to marry her so they end up married and travelling to Newcastle. Collins and charlotte lucus is a convenient marriage that suits them both but it is not based on love. Mr Collins starts with trying to marry Elizabeth but â€Å"she will have none of him† he takes this as being rejected but the family and since his patroness wants him to marry he marries the next girl he bumps into, Charlotte Lucas. Charlotte is not romantic and just wanted to get married â€Å" I am not romantic you know I never was I ask only a comfortable home and considering Mr Collins’ character, connections and situation in life I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast on entering the marriage state†. These days inShow MoreRelatedSibling Relationships In Pride And Prejudice1215 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen puts an emphasis on both loyal and rival sibling relationships in all of her works, and these relationships prove to be as important, if not more important, than those relationships of marriage. Pride and Prejudice offers insight on many sets of siblings. 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They do this through the use of their stylistic devices and this in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. Jane Austen is known for playing a revolutionary role in the generation of English female literature, which was counteracted by this piece- and Charlotte Bronte further developed her feminist thoughts, which haveRead MoreJane Austen And Charlotte Bronte s Social Class1748 Words   |  7 PagesIn both texts, both authors; Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of ways. They do this through the use of their stylistic devices and this in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. 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This gives readers a sense of how social structure during the eighteenth hundreds was shifting from heirs to earners with people vying to stay relevant and included in the upper class. Historically, the novel was hardly influenced by what was occurring during the time it was written which included the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars.Read MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen2011 Words   |  9 Pagesnovel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, it is illustrated through the motif of sense that when it comes to reason versus passion, man should be more sensible in choosing the better for them. She emphasizes this through some of the characters and their relationships in the novel, such as, Jane Austen and Mr. Bingley, Mr. Collins and Charlotte, Mr. Wickham and Elizabeth, and Lydia and Mr.Wickham. Within many of these relationships a lot of suspicion and scandal takes place. In the novel, Austen attestRead MoreMarriage By Jane Austen s Emma1424 Words   |  6 Pagessocial rank was based on their reputation, wealth, family, and most importantly marriage, as it was the primary way in which someone could elevate their status. Jane Austen’s Emma, explores a number of marriages and anticipated vows, and how the relationships are often based on social status. The rise in social rank through romantic relationships is essential to women as they are unable to improve their status through personal achievements. At the time, social norms dictated that marriage be a critically Read More Pride and Prejudice Essay3860 Words   |  16 PagesPride and Prejudice The novel Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen was originally to be called First Impressions. Hence the ultimate aim of this essay is to identify how successful this novel is in giving ‘First Impressions’ of the characters. The focus of this essay is on the opening chapters of the novel as this is where we are first introduced to the characters. ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife

Differences Between Human Innovation And Natural Evolution

Cities are an integral part of human existence. While it is easy to overlook their impact on our lives, it is important to understand both how and why cities were formed in order to better understand our own history. Since cities are both a natural product of evolution and a human invention, their emergence is difficult to understand. Two of the first cities ever formed can be examined in order to better understand this complex relationship between human innovation and natural evolution. Most historians consider the civilization that formed along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and was inhabited by the Sumerians to be the first city (â€Å"The Invention of Civilization, I† 3). In Egypt, conquerors battled to gain control over villages that dotted the banks of the Nile River, eventually resulting in the creation of the first empire and many cities within the pharaoh’s domain. The formation and evolution of these cities offer a glimpse into the underlying purpose of citie s and how they began. Sumerians constructed the first real city – or a group of 5000 or more people living together – in the Tigris and Euphrates river valley primarily for agricultural reasons (2). Before they settled, most people avoided these rivers because of the violent and often unpredictable flooding that frequently ravaged the land. Instead, most early people settled in small communities in the hills and along smaller tributaries and streams that stemmed from these two mighty rivers. Perhaps due toShow MoreRelatedCreationism vs1206 Words   |  5 PagesCreationism Vs. Evolution in Today’s Society The dispute between creationism and evolution is a long debated controversy. It is an argument most people choose to avoid. This debate is extremely controversial due to personal belief, most in part due to secularism and religion. Even with the exponentially increasing knowledge of today, it has remained a long fought controversy throughout the twenty-first century. Science deals with the mind, and is the backbone of modern civilization. Religion dealsRead MoreEvolution of Intelligence1228 Words   |  5 Pagesto acquire and apply knowledge and skills. But intelligence has evolved from the past. The innovation of fire furthered to the light bulb, as the hut became the skyscraper. This topic is worthy to investigate because modern humans have advanced so greatly, but how exactly had our genius evolved and where did our intelligence start. How are the intelligence of early humans different from that of modern humans, and what inferences can be made from this data? What is intelligence exactly? IntelligenceRead MoreA Cautionary Analysis of Transhumanist Philosophy Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagestechnologies that they read about, such as life-extension therapies or cybernetic implants. 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While people choose to rest their bodies on a chair in attempt to find anRead MoreThe Evolution of Language1707 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of Language The study of language is very intriguing once you start looking a little farther into it. I read through many books and sources to help make the history of language a little more clear and found many interesting ideas. I found that something as simple as the way you use your hand could shape the brain, language, and human culture (The Hand). I also found many sources on human evolution; and digging a bit deeper into this area showed me many thoughts andRead MoreThe Introduction Of The Modular Model Of Thought, By Jerry1468 Words   |  6 Pagesmodel of thought, by Jerry Fodor, resulted in a restructuring of how scientists view the human mind; this idea also resulted in the re-examination of the differences between the brains of anatomically modern humans (AMH) and Neanderthals (N). 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Should we look at their contributions to the world as a benefactor or a curse? The common effect of â€Å"artificial intelligence† in the technology we use every day is examined by two brilliant authors, Nicholas Carr and Jamias

Steve Jobs Nonconformist Of The 21st Century - 1387 Words

Steve Jobs: Nonconformist of the 21st Century When an individual adheres to the standards and regulation that are set by society, they are considered a conformist in its purest form. On the opposite side of the spectrum, those who do not follow these specific guidelines set by society are labeled as nonconformists. In essence, a nonconformist is an individual who goes beyond the principles of others, at the same time, is able to enhance the well-being and creativeness of other individuals. Steve Jobs, mastermind of Apple Inc., is a nonconformist of the 21st century. Jobs’ ultimate goal during his time with Apple was to inspire the creativeness others through the use of Apple’s technology. Before Jobs founded Apple Inc. in 1976, computers were nowhere to be found in homes, instead, computers were mostly found only in labs or in certain work offices. As someone who changed the computer industry and made the personal user experience possible, Jobs proved time and time again to be a nonconformist at heart by forgoing t he standards of technology. During the 1970s, technology in the United States was still growing as personal computers were not as popular due to their bulky size. Not only were computers large in their form, they also cost more than what an average working class American could pay for. Due to the steppe price of a computer, they were considered more of a novelty item rather than a necessity for everyday use. Although personal computers were not yet seen in homes,Show MoreRelatedSteve Jobs : Nonconformist Of The 21st Century948 Words   |  4 PagesSteve Jobs: Nonconformist of the 21st Century When an individual adheres to the standards and regulation that are set by society, they are considered a conformist in its purest form. On the opposite side of the spectrum, those who do not follow these specific guidelines set by society are labeled as nonconformists. In essence, a nonconformist is an individual who goes beyond the principles of others, at the same time, is able to enhance the well-being and creativeness of other individuals. SteveRead MoreSteve Jobs, Mastermind Of Apple Inc.1399 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific guidelines set by society are labeled as nonconformists. In essence, a nonconformist is an individual who goes beyond the principles of others, at the same time, is able to enhance the well-being and creativeness of other individuals. Steve Jobs, mastermind of Apple Inc., is a nonconformist of the 21st century. Jobs’ ultimate goal during his time with Apple was to inspire the creativeness others through the use of Apple’s technology. Before Jobs founded Apple Inc. in 1976, computers were nowhereRead MoreDoctorate9485 Words   |  38 Pages When it comes to its service, consumers never have to wait in lines too long, since explorers are impatient and they have locations everywhere just like a traveling explorer. Starbucks has become one of the 25 greatest global brands of the 21st century as listed by Interbrand by utilizing â€Å"the Explorer archetype, artfully expressed in every detail – the product, the package, the shops, the logo, the name, and the very experience of placing an order. Such is the power of that archetype† (MarkRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSKILLS EXPLAIN A LEARNING MODEL FOR DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS REVIEW THE CONTENTS OF THE BOOK ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   This page intentionally left blank Introduction The Critical Role of Management Skills No one doubts that the twenty-first century will continue to be characterized by chaotic, transformational, rapid-fire change. In fact, almost no sane person is willing to predict what the world will be like 50, 25, or even 15 years from now. Change is just too rapid and ubiquitous. The development

Career Goals And The Code Of Ethics Essay Example For Students

Career Goals And The Code Of Ethics Essay IntroductionNursing as a career involves the code of ethics in action. Motivation can lead to career goals. It is evident that nursing, as a whole, has evolved from these core subjects- motivation, career goals, and the code of ethics. I will take a clinical and personal account of each subject stated above. This includes how nursing personally shaped who I am today and hope to be tomorrow. What does a career in nursing mean to me?Two things, family tradition and my small part in this world, to help those who can’t help themselves. A career in nursing has been in my family for 2 generations before me. Being the third generation of nursing shows how it is a satisfying, fulfilling, and a sustaining vocation. Nursing is autonomous within the defined scope of practice (Selanders, Crane 2012 ). My Grandmother studied in L.A. in the 1930’s and obtained her defined scope of practice as a L.V.N. (licensed vocational nurse). She demonstrated strength and autonomy in her career while raising a family in the aftermath of the great depression. It was a status she upheld with a lot of pride and dedication to her patients. She advocated primarily for her home health patients’ necessary environment of cleanliness, as the poverty level was at an all-time high. Her scope of practice focused on very different health conditions. Then came my mom, who started her education at Biola Bible College in Southern California and completed a three-year Rn degree in L.A. County hospital. By early 1950’s clinical hospital nursing programs were popular, on the job training. Her career in nursing demonstrated caring advocacy in her specialty of pediatrics. Working as a voice for her young patients, and finding the value of hospital nursing in her natural. . all patients deserve the best educated workforce (AACN, 2011, April,14). My education has already started impacting my daily approach to my patients, so my BSN will include involvement with decision making, planning, implementing care, education, and counseling for my future career. Conclusion In summary, continuing on the road to nursing involves many paths to your own heart’s desire. I believe what we are most passionate about , carries us to an open door to find new possibilities and workforce avenues. Advancing our education is the obligation to motivate future nurses, nurses who will be taking care of us. The Code of Ethics speaks individually to each one of us and it guides one of the largest healthcare occupations, nurses. Motivation brings action to advance, and gratitude keeps us grounded. My nursing philosophy: Gratitude in nursing, gratitude in life.

Communication in Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Communication in Organizations. Answer: Introduction Communication is defined as the process by which information is relayed from its source to its recipient and back to its source. Communication is of different forms, including vocal, verbal, non-vocal and non-verbal forms. Furthermore, communication can be intended and unintended. The intended communication is the communication that people are aware of, while unintended communication is that which people use signals involuntarily to pass a message. For people or organizations to develop an understanding of the nominal phases of communication, there is need to comprehend and implement theories of communication. Communication theories purposes at developing knowledge on the ways people communicate. Such theories use facts and mathematics to cultivate comprehensions into the nature of the various sorts of human communication (Cornelissen 2014, p.1). Examples of theories used in communication include; Cognitive Dissonance Theory, which reasons that people are discouraged from taking part in conversations involving discordant beliefs, as they seem aversive, Communication Accommodation Theory, which describes impacts of what ensues when two or more speakers shift their communication styles and the Cultural Studies Theory. This article tends to show the importance of these theories, and how they can be applied in a communication event. Communication Event Depending on the purpose of communication, communication can be between two or more people, or between a person and an organization or between two or more organizations. The most known form of communication is the live communication, where it requires parties to be physical onsite. People or organizations can hold conferences or meetings to relay information to the recipients. A company held an event and invited some members of the public, who were mostly its client. The event was later filled with clients, the company's employees, media personalities and its shareholders. The purpose of the event was to communicate the company's strategies, ideas, and its concepts, as well as get different feedback from the clients (Argenti 2015, p.1). Media personalities held interviews and helped in relaying messages out to a large number of people (Savic 2016, p.609). The event engaged the public, thus captivating them and at the same time, managed to convey important messages. Conversations were held between the clients and the employees, the companys managers and directors with the media and clients (Cooren 2016, p. 395). From the different conversations held, it was evident that behaviors, like maintaining eye contact, showing of interest, avoiding of distractions and asking questions, demonstrated if one was a good listener or not. Good listening is important as it attaches meaning on what is heard. On the other hand, the recipients' feedback were relayed differently. Some were specific, and to the point, other people got personal and deviated a little from the main topic of conversation and others gave negative feedback. Timing was essential, especially when the media personnel held short interviews with some attendees. Non-verbal communication, also known as the kinesics, was also observed in the event; the facial communication, which displayed messages of emotion, the eye communication, and communication through touch like greetings (Burgoon et al. 2 016, p. 2). Paralinguistic was also noted. Theories such as the Cognitive Dissonance Theory, Communication Accommodation Theory, and Cultural Studies theory were used in these different ways of communication. Usefulness of Theories The Cognitive Dissonance theory focuses on the idea that people seek consistency in their attitudes and beliefs in situations where cognitions are not consistent. This causes the introduction of motives that sustain intellectual evenness and thus giving rise to unreasonable and maladaptive behaviors (Martin Clore 2013, p.10). Different people met for the event, and they held various conversations concerning different things in general. It was observed that many of them chose to avoid hearing views that opposed their beliefs. Furthermore, others changed their beliefs so as to match their actions, which forced them to seek reassurance after making decisions that were difficult on their side. Other people however stuck to what they believed and did not try to harmonize the heated conversations between their various beliefs. This led to the emergence of conflicts. Most company employees were noted to have exercised the cognitive dissonance theory to please the clients. The company manag ers too upheld this theory so as to please the company's shareholders. The Communication Accommodation Theory is viewed as a hypothetical theory that is used in examining the consequences and enthusiasms of what comes from two or more speakers alter their communication styles. It is related to the Social Identity Theory and is all about people minimizing social differences by adjusting their communicating ways. This theory argues that people would try to regulate or billet their speaking styles to others and how they would want to positively portray their identities to others (Gallois Giles 2015, p. 2). People in the social event had to adjust their communication styles depending on the different groups they were conversing with. For example, young people in the event had to change the way they addressed the elder people; the employees had to alter their styles depending on how the client talked or gestured. The company's managers and staff had to strive to create an affirmative appearance of themselves, which reflected the company's image. This was do ne by use of words and actions. Theoreticians in the Cultural Studies Theory uphold the fact that the media personnel represents creeds of the principal class in a societal organization. Media is mostly controlled by corporations, and because of this, the information relayed to the public is predisposed and edged with proceeds in mind (Getz Page 2016, p. 21). This is clearly shown by the presence of the media in the event. The media was invited by the organization so that it could deliver positive information and feedback to the public. Though some little negativity was noted, the media conveyed positive information to the public. This shows how power plays a major role in influencing the media in the elucidation of culture. Conclusion Effective communication is an essential skill that enables people and organizations to interact and connect. Communication events are key in upholding successful relationships between an organization and its clients. Communication is essential in perpetuating professional or personal relationships between people. References Argenti, P.A 2015, Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Burgoon, J.K., Guerrero, L, and Floyd, K 2016, Nonverbal communication. Routledge. Cooren, F 2016, 20 Verbal communication in organizational settings. Verbal Communication,3, p.395) Cornelissen, J 2014, Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Gallois, C, and Giles, H 2015, Communication accommodation theory. The internationalencyclopedia of language and social interaction. Getz, D, and Page, S 2016, Event Studies: Theory, research, and policy for planned events.Routledge. Martin, L, and Clore, G 2013, Theories of mood and cognition: A users guidebook.Psychology Press. Savic, I 2016, Mediatization of companies as a factor of their communication power and thenew role of public relations. Public Relations Review, 42(4), pp.607-615.